Depression Treatment: Jumping Mechanisms of Treehopper Insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae).

Jumping mechanisms of treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae).

Filed under: Depression Treatment

J Exp Biol. 2012 Nov 15;
Burrows M

The kinematics and jumping performance of treehoppers (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae) were analysed from high speed images. The 8 species analysed had an 11 fold range of body mass (3.8 mg to 41 mg) and a 2 fold range of body lengths (4.1 to 8.4 mm). Body shape was dominated by a prothoracic helmet that projected dorsally and posteriorly over the body, and in some species forwards to form a protruding horn. Jumping was propelled by rapid depression of the trochantera of the hind legs. The hind legs were only 30 – 60 % longer than the front and middle legs, and 47 – 94% the length of the body in different species. They were slung beneath the body and moved together in the same plane. In preparation for a jump, the hind legs were initially levated and rotated forwards so that the femora were pressed into indentations of the coxae. The tibiae were flexed about the femora and the tarsi were placed on the ground directly beneath the lateral edges of the abdomen. Movements of the front and middle legs adjusted the angle of the body relative to the ground, but for most treehoppers this angle was small so that the body was almost parallel to the ground. The rapid depression of the hind legs accelerated the body to take-off in 1.2 ms in the lighter treehoppers and 3.7 ms in the heavier ones. Take-off velocities of 2.1 – 2.7 m s(-1) were achieved and were not correlated with body mass. In the best jumps, these performances involved accelerations of 560 – 2450 m s(-2) (g forces of 47- 250), an energy expenditure of 13.5 – 101 µJ, a power output of 12 – 32 mW and exerted a force or 9.5 – 29 mN. The power output per mass of muscle far exceeds the maximum active contractile limit of normal muscle. Such requirements indicate that treehoppers must be using a power amplification mechanism in a catapult-like action. Some jumps were preceded by flapping movements of the wings, but the propulsive movements of the hind legs were critical in achieving take-off.
HubMed – depression

 

The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression.

Filed under: Depression Treatment

Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 14;
George MS, Taylor JJ, Short EB

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for several weeks was first proposed as an acute treatment for depression in the early 1990s, and was Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 2008. In the past year, several important studies have been published that extend our understanding of this novel treatment approach. RECENT FINDINGS: The first round of multisite clinical trials with TMS addressed whether prefrontal rTMS has efficacy and were conducted in carefully selected depressed patients who were antidepressant medication free. Several more recent studies assess the clinical effectiveness of TMS and report that about 35-40% of real-world patients who are commonly taking adjunctive antidepressants reach remission with a modest side effect profile. There are also new studies examining the durability of the TMS-induced antidepressant effect. Fifty-eight percent of TMS remitters remain remitted at 3-month follow-up. SUMMARY: These recent studies suggest that daily left prefrontal TMS over several weeks as a treatment for depression not only appears to have efficacy in rigorous randomized controlled trials, but is effective in real-world settings, with remission in 30-40% of patients. The TMS antidepressant effect, once achieved, appears to be as durable as with other antidepressant medications or interventions. Much more research is needed, particularly with issues such as the TMS coil location, stimulation intensity and frequency, and dosing strategy.
HubMed – depression

 

Novel biomarkers in major depression.

Filed under: Depression Treatment

Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 14;
Schneider B, Prvulovic D

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews literature published over the period January 2011-June 2012 on biomarkers in major depression. RECENT FINDINGS: Although a large body of research accumulated over the past decades points to distinct biological mechanisms being involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), its precise pathobiology is not yet fully understood. In the last 2 years, substantial new research has been generated in an attempt to identify and characterize novel candidate biomarkers for MDD. This review provides an update on biomarker research in MDD and summarizes the most recent results from neuroimaging, genetic, epigenetic, and neurochemical studies in MDD. SUMMARY: Promising new findings report high diagnostic accuracy for metabonomic and epigenetic approaches as well as combinatorial functional neuroimaging approaches, which are currently representing the forefront of MDD biomarker development.
HubMed – depression

 


 

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