Delirium: A Key Challenge for Perioperative Care.

Delirium: A key challenge for perioperative care.

Filed under: Rehab Centers

Int J Surg. 2012 Dec 28;
O’Regan NA, Fitzgerald J, Timmons S, O’Connell H, Meagher D

Delirium is highly prevalent, occurring in 20% of acute hospital inpatients and up to 62% of surgical patients. It is a significant predictor of poor outcomes including mortality and institutionalisation, however it is often viewed as simply a marker of underlying illness and is frequently overlooked in older adults. Although delirium is commonly comorbid with dementia, it represents a more urgent diagnosis, requiring prompt intervention. Delirium presents most commonly with hypoactive features (e.g. withdrawal and reduced spontaneous movement and speech). The common stereotype of hyperactive delirium tremens (e.g. agitation, hallucinations), although more visible, is less common. All presentations share acute disimprovement of cognitive function. Delirium is a highly predictable and preventable occurrence, however a major barrier to improving delirium care and impacting upon outcomes is that it remains poorly detected, particularly in surgical populations and especially in patients with hypoactive presentations. Routine ward-based screening for delirium, particularly in high-risk populations, and improved staff awareness of the significance of the problem can improve detection rates. Preventative strategies, particularly multicomponent approaches, have been most efficacious in improving patient outcomes. Optimising perioperative risk factors can lead to reduced incidence. Appropriate treatment of delirium requires thorough investigation, management of the underlying illness, avoidance of complications and simplification of the care environment. Studies suggest a role for pharmacological prophylaxis, particularly in relation to anaesthetic and sedative agents used intra- and post-operatively. Furthermore, gathering evidence suggests that judicious use of antipsychotic medications may be helpful in delirium prevention and treatment.
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Variability in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes and morphine metabolism: observations from a cross-sectional multicenter study in advanced cancer patients with pain.

Filed under: Rehab Centers

Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Dec 30;
Fladvad T, Klepstad P, Langaas M, Dale O, Kaasa S, Caraceni A, Skorpen F

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine whether genetic variability in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes, together with clinical factors, contribute to variability in morphine glucuronide (M6G and M3G) to morphine serum concentration ratios in patients with advanced cancer receiving chronic morphine therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 41 polymorphisms and predicted haplotypes in the UGT2B7, UGT1A1, and UGT1A8 genes were analyzed in 759 patients who were recruited from the European Pharmacogenetic Opioid Study and received chronic morphine therapy by the oral route (n=635) or parenterally (n=124). The administration groups were analyzed separately by multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Two haplotypes in UGT1A1/UGT1A8 were weak predictors of reduced M6G/morphine and M3G/morphine serum ratios after oral administration (false discovery rate-corrected P-values<0.1). No effect of genotype was seen in the parenteral group. Of the clinical variables (age, sex, BMI, renal function, Karnofsky performance status, and presence of liver metastases), renal function was the major contributor to variation in serum concentration ratios. Concomitant administration of paracetamol predicted significantly higher morphine metabolic ratios after oral administration of morphine (false discovery rate-corrected P-values<2.1E-12). The regression models explained about 35% of the total variability in the data. CONCLUSION: Genetic variation in the UGT genes together with clinical factors influence morphine metabolic ratios in patients with advanced cancer disease and who are scheduled with oral morphine. This information may be included in future research that develop and test new classification systems for opioid treatment in patients with advanced cancer. HubMed – rehab

Assessing limb apraxia in traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury 

Filed under: Rehab Centers

Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2013; S5: 732-742
McKenna C, Thakur U, Marcus B, Barrett AM

People with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may demonstrate action planning disorders and limb apraxia. Many patients, who sustain a spinal cord injury (SCI), sustain a co-occurring TBI (11-29 percent of people with SCI) and therefore are at risk for limb apraxia. People with SCI and TBI (SCI/TBI) rely on powered assistive devices which amplify movement. Their ability to learn complex motor compensatory strategies, that is, limb praxis, is critical to function. We wished to identify methods of screening for apraxia in patients with SCI/TBI. We reviewed instruments available for limb praxis assessment, presenting information on psychometric development, patient groups tested, commercial/clinical availability, and appropriateness for administration to people with motor weakness. Our review revealed that insufficient normative information exists for apraxia assessment in populations comparable to SCI/TBI patients who are typically young adults at the time of injury. There are few apraxia assessment instruments which do not require a motor response. Non-motoric apraxia assessments would be optimal for patients with an underlying motor weakness.
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