Identification of (2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran (APB) Phenyl Ring Positional Isomers in Internet Purchased Products.
Identification of (2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (APB) phenyl ring positional isomers in Internet purchased products.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Drug Test Anal. 2013 Jan 24;
Stanczuk A, Morris N, Gardner EA, Kavanagh P
5-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB), a ‘research chemical’ that was first reported by UK authorities to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in 2010, is anecdotally reported to produce a combination of stimulant and entactogenic effects. More recently, in 2011, 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) was identified by Hungarian authorities. To confirm positional isomer identity in Internet purchased products, 4- 5- 6- and 7-APBs were synthesized and found to be separable by gas chromatography (as heptafluorobutyramide derivatives) and liquid chromatography. The analyses of products purchased from online vendors of ‘research chemicals’ identified the presence of 5- or 6-APBs. These findings were further confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In products containing 6-APB, the 4- positional isomer was also identified and this may have arisen during the manufacturing process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HubMed – addiction
Kava for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder RCT: Analysis of Adverse Reactions, Liver Function, Addiction, and Sexual Effects.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Phytother Res. 2013 Jan 24;
Sarris J, Stough C, Teschke R, Wahid Z, Bousman C, Murray G, Savage K, Mouatt P, Ng C, Schweitzer I
Presently, little is known about a number issues concerning kava (Piper methysticum), including (i) whether kava has any withdrawal or addictive effects; (ii) if genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome (CYP) P450 2D6 liver enzyme moderates any potential adverse effects; and (iii) if medicinal application of kava has any negative or beneficial effect on sexual function and experience. The study design was a 6-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (n?=?75) involving chronic administration of kava (one tablet of kava twice per day; 120?mg of kavalactones per day, titrated in non-response to two tablets of kava twice per day; 240?mg of kavalactones) or placebo for participants with generalized anxiety disorder. Results showed no significant differences across groups for liver function tests, nor were there any significant adverse reactions that could be attributed to kava. No differences in withdrawal or addiction were found between groups. Interesting, kava significantly increased female’s sexual drive compared to placebo (p?=?0.040) on a sub-domain of the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX), with no negative effects seen in males. Further, it was found that there was a highly significant correlation between ASEX reduction (improved sexual function and performance) and anxiety reduction in the whole sample. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HubMed – addiction
A brief history of oxytocin and its role in modulating psychostimulant effects.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jan 23;
Carson DS, Guastella AJ, Taylor ER, McGregor IS
Over the past century, the polypeptide oxytocin has played an important role in medicine with major highlights including the identification of its involvement in parturition and the milk let-down reflex. Oxytocin is now implicated in an extensive range of psychological phenomena including reward and memory processes and has been investigated as a treatment for several psychiatric disorders including addiction, anxiety, autism, and schizophrenia. In this review, we first provide an historical overview of oxytocin and describe key aspects of its physiological activity. We then outline some pharmacological limitations in this field of research before highlighting the role of oxytocin in a wide range of behavioral and neuronal processes. Finally, we review evidence for a modulatory role of oxytocin with regard to psychostimulant effects. Key findings suggest that oxytocin attenuates a broad number of cocaine and methamphetamine induced behaviors and associated neuronal activity in rodents. Evidence also outlines a role for oxytocin in the prosocial effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) in both rodents and humans. Clinical trials should now investigate the effectiveness of oxytocin as a novel intervention for psychostimulant addiction and should aim to determine its specific role in the therapeutic properties of MDMA that are currently being investigated.
HubMed – addiction
Risk of Injury Due to Alcohol: Evaluating Potential Bias Using the Case-Crossover Usual-Frequency Method.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Epidemiology. 2013 Jan 23;
Ye Y, Bond J, Cherpitel CJ, Stockwell T, Macdonald S, Rehm J
BACKGROUND:: The usual-frequency case-crossover method, comparing exposure before an event with typical exposure of the same person, is widely used to estimate the risk of injury related to acute alcohol use. Prior results suggest that risk estimates might be biased upward compared with other methods. METHODS:: Using data from 15 emergency room studies in seven countries, we compared the usual-frequency case-crossover method with case-control analysis, using noninjury patients as controls. Control-crossover analysis was performed to examine potential bias and to adjust risk estimates. RESULTS:: The cross-study pooled odds ratio (OR) of injury related to drinking was 4.7 (95% confidence interval = 2.6-8.5) in case-crossover analysis and 2.1 (1.6-2.7) in case-control analysis. A control-crossover analysis found an indication of bias (OR = 2.2 [1.8-2.8]), which was larger among less-frequent drinkers. CONCLUSION:: Findings suggest that the potential overestimation of injury risk based on the usual-frequency case-crossover method might be best explained by recall bias in usual-frequency estimates.
HubMed – addiction
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