Addiction Rehab: Determinants of Success of Loading Dose Diazepam for Alcohol Withdrawal: A Chart Review.

Determinants of success of loading dose diazepam for alcohol withdrawal: A chart review.

Filed under: Addiction Rehab

J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012 Jul; 3(3): 270-2
Bharadwaj B, Bernard M, Kattimani S, Rajkumar RP

HubMed – addiction

 

Local application of drugs to study nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in mouse brain slices.

Filed under: Addiction Rehab

J Vis Exp. 2012;
Engle SE, Broderick HJ, Drenan RM

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that stems from the biophysical and cellular actions of nicotine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) throughout the central nervous system. Understanding the various nAChR subtypes that exist in brain areas relevant to nicotine addiction is a major priority. Experiments that employ electrophysiology techniques such as whole-cell patch clamp or two-electrode voltage clamp recordings are useful for pharmacological characterization of nAChRs of interest. Cells expressing nAChRs, such as mammalian tissue culture cells or Xenopus laevis oocytes, are physically isolated and are therefore easily studied using the tools of modern pharmacology. Much progress has been made using these techniques, particularly when the target receptor was already known and ectopic expression was easily achieved. Often, however, it is necessary to study nAChRs in their native environment: in neurons within brain slices acutely harvested from laboratory mice or rats. For example, mice expressing “hypersensitive” nAChR subunits such as ?4 L9’A mice (1) and ?6 L9’S mice (2), allow for unambiguous identification of neurons based on their functional expression of a specific nAChR subunit. Although whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in brain slices is routinely done by the skilled electrophysiologist, it is challenging to locally apply drugs such as acetylcholine or nicotine to the recorded cell within a brain slice. Dilution of drugs into the superfusate (bath application) is not rapidly reversible, and U-tube systems are not easily adapted to work with brain slices. In this paper, we describe a method for rapidly applying nAChR-activating drugs to neurons recorded in adult mouse brain slices. Standard whole-cell recordings are made from neurons in slices, and a second micropipette filled with a drug of interest is maneuvered into position near the recorded cell. An injection of pressurized air or inert nitrogen into the drug-filled pipette causes a small amount of drug solution to be ejected from the pipette onto the recorded cell. Using this method, nAChR-mediated currents are able to be resolved with millisecond accuracy. Drug application times can easily be varied, and the drug-filled pipette can be retracted and replaced with a new pipette, allowing for concentration-response curves to be created for a single neuron. Although described in the context of nAChR neurobiology, this technique should be useful for studying many types of ligand-gated ion channels or receptors in neurons from brain slices.
HubMed – addiction

 

Per-Symptomatic Brain Activations in Alcohol-Induced Hallucinosis.

Filed under: Addiction Rehab

Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 2;
Laprevote V, Rolland B, Cottencin O, Schwan R, Vaiva G, Thomas P, Jardri R

HubMed – addiction

 

Quantifying the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat brain by ?SPECT CBF scans.

Filed under: Addiction Rehab

Brain Stimul. 2012 Oct 30;
Wyckhuys T, De Geeter N, Crevecoeur G, Stroobants S, Staelens S

BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is used to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression and addiction amongst others. Neuro-imaging by means of SPECT is a non-invasive manner of evaluating regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes, which are assumed to reflect changes in neural activity. OBJECTIVE: rCBF changes induced by rTMS are evaluated by comparing stimulation on/off in different stimulation paradigms using microSPECT of the rat brain. METHODS: Rats (n = 6) were injected with 10 mCi of (99m)Tc-HMPAO during application of two rTMS paradigms (1 Hz and 10 Hz, 1430 A at each wing of a 20 mm figure-of-eight coil) and sham. SPM- and VOI-based analysis was performed. RESULTS: rTMS caused widespread significant hypoperfusion throughout the entire rat brain. Differences in spatial extent and intensity of hypoperfusion were observed between both stimulation paradigms: 1 Hz caused significant hypoperfusion (P < 0.05) in 11.9% of rat brain volume while 10 Hz caused this in 23.5%; the minimal t-value induced by 1 Hz was -24.77 while this was -17.98 due to 10 Hz. Maximal percentage of hypoperfused volume due to 1 Hz and 10 Hz was reached at tissue experiencing 0.03-0.15 V/m. CONCLUSION: High-frequency (10 Hz) stimulation causes more widespread hypoperfusion, while 1 Hz induces more pronounced hypoperfusion. The effect of rTMS is highly dependent on the electric field strength in the brain tissue induced by the TMS coil. This innovative imaging approach can be used as a fast screening tool in quantifying and evaluating the effect of various stimulation paradigms and coil designs for TMS and offers a means for research and development. HubMed – addiction

 

Assessing Covariates of Drug Use Trajectories Among Adolescents Admitted to a Drug Addiction Center: Mental Health Problems, Therapeutic Alliance, and Treatment Persistence.

Filed under: Addiction Rehab

Subst Use Misuse. 2012 Nov 5;
Bertrand K, Brunelle N, Richer I, Beaudoin I, Lemieux A, Ménard JM

This study aimed to assess covariates of drug use trajectories among 102 adolescents admitted to a drug user treatment program between November 2005 and November 2006 in Québec, Canada. The influences of mental health, therapeutic alliance, and treatment persistence were examined. The Addiction Severity Index was used to measure drug use severity and mental health problems; the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales was used for therapeutic alliance. latent growth curve analysis showed associations between (1) mental health and initial drug use severity; (2) therapeutic alliance and initial drug use severity; and (3) number of post-treatment sessions attended and drug use severity over time.
HubMed – addiction

 


 

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