5-Iodo-2-Aminoindan (5-IAI): Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of a Research Chemical Producing MDMA-Like Effects.
5-iodo-2-aminoindan (5-IAI): chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of a research chemical producing MDMA-like effects.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Toxicol Lett. 2013 Jan 21;
Coppola M, Mondola R
In 2010, an internet snapshot of EMCDDA anticipated the presence of 5-iodo-2-aminoindan (5-IAI) within the recreational drug market. In 2011, this compound, a psychoactive derivative of 2-aminoindane, was identified in recreational products sold in the United Kingdom. 5-IAI is a rigid analogue of p-iodoamphetamine producing MDMA-like effects. The aim of this paper is to summarize the clinical, pharmacological, and toxicological information about this new potential drug of abuse.
HubMed – addiction
Decline in incidence of HIV and Hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Amsterdam; evidence for harm reduction?
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Addiction. 2013 Jan 24;
de Vos AS, van der Helm JJ, Matser A, Prins M, Kretzschmar ME
AIMS: In Amsterdam HIV prevalence has nearly halved among Injecting Drug Users (IDU) since 1990. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) prevalence also declined, HIV and HCV incidence dropped to nearly zero. We examined possible explanations for these time trends, among which the implementation of harm reduction measures aimed at reducing risk behavior of IDU. DESIGN: We used individual-based modeling of the spread of HIV and HCV. Information about demographic parameters was obtained from the Amsterdam Cohort Study (ACS) among drug users. The model included changes in inflow of new IDU and death-rates over time, the latter dependent on age and time since HIV-seroconversion. We considered different scenarios of risk behavior. SETTING: IDU in Amsterdam MEASUREMENTS: Simulated HIV and HCV incidence and prevalence were compared with ACS data. FINDINGS: Assuming harm reduction measures had led to strong decrease in risk-behavior over time improved the model fit (squared residuals decreased by 30%). However, substantial incidence and HIV prevalence decline were already reproduced by incorporating demographic changes in the model. In particular, lowered disease spread might be a result of depletion of high-risk IDU among those at risk for disease, and a decrease in the number of high-risk individuals in the population due to HIV-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Marked decreases in HIV and HCV in Amsterdam since 1990 could be partly due to harm reduction measures; however, they may also be largely attributable to changes in the IDU population. Future research aimed at quantifying the benefits of interventions should not neglect the impact of natural epidemic progression and demographic changes.
HubMed – addiction
Global alcohol exposure estimates by country, territory and region for 2005 – a contribution to the Comparative Risk Assessment for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study.
Filed under: Addiction Rehab
Addiction. 2013 Jan 24;
Shield KD, Rylett M, Gmel G, Gmel G, Kehoe-Chan TA, Rehm J
AIMS: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of lifetime abstainers, former drinkers and current drinkers, adult per capita consumption of alcohol, and pattern of drinking scores, by country and Global Burden of Disease region for 2005, and to forecast these indicators for 2010. DESIGN: Statistical modelling based on survey data and routine statistics. SETTING: 241 countries and territories. MEASUREMENTS: Per capita consumption data were obtained with the help of the World Health Organization’s Global Information System on Alcohol and Health. Drinking status data were obtained from Gender, alcohol and culture: an international study, the STEPwise approach to Surveillance study, the World Health Survey/Multi Country Study, and other surveys. Consumption and drinking status data were triangulated to estimate alcohol consumption across multiple categories. FINDINGS: In 2005 adult per capita annual consumption of alcohol was 6.1 litres (l), with 28.8% stemming from unrecorded consumption. 17.1 l of alcohol were consumed per drinker, 45.8% of all adults were lifetime abstainers, 13.6% were former drinkers and 40.6% were current drinkers. Lifetime abstention was most prevalent in North Africa/ Middle East and South Asia. Eastern Europe and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa had the most detrimental pattern of drinking scores, while drinkers in Europe (Eastern and Central) and Sub-Saharan Africa (Southern and West) consumed the most alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Just over 40% of the world’s adult population consumes alcohol and the average consumption per drinker is 17.1 litres per year. However, the prevalence of abstention, level of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking vary widely across regions of the world.
HubMed – addiction
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